Tanushree Chatterjee, Pradeep
Kumar Sahu* and
Shilpi Chatterjee
Raipur
Institute of Technology, RITEE, Chatauna, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur C.G. 492101
INDIA
ABSTRACT:
Fungi within the phylum Gigasporomycota
were investigated in iron mines fields in Chhattisgarh. Chhattisgarh is located
between 21.27°N 81.60°E. The fungi within this phylum form arbuscular
mycorrhizal symbiosis with plant roots. Sampling of
soil was carried out to a depth of 30 cm in the rhizosphere.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
were found at all 10 sampling sites in each field, at densities in between 0 to
03 spores per g dry weight of soil. Significant differences in spore densities
were found between unmined, mined and dumped area of
iron mines fields. Our study revealed that the upper half (0-15 cm) of the soil
profiles had significantly more spores than the lower half (15-30 cm). Spores
from ten sampling sites were identified from the indigenous soils. Almost 90%
were shown to belong to the genus Gigaspora.
The other genera found were Glomus and Sclerocystis.
KEYWORDS: Isolation, Identification, Spore density,
soil analysis.
INTRODUCTION:
“Mycorrhizas are
symbiotic associations essential for one or both partners, between a
fungus (specialized for life in soils and plants) and a root (or other
substrate-contacting organ) of a living plant, that is primarily responsible
for nutrient transfer. Mycorrhizas occur in a
specialized plant organ where intimate contact results from synchronized
plant-fungus development.” [1]
Mined land sites are generally
known to be nutrient poor and contain soils that are in dire need of
stabilization to prevent erosion. Marked by the beginning works of J. R.
Schramm, mine reclamation practices have included the use of Mycorrhizal inocula to establish
successful plant communities on mined sites [2]. Mycorrhizae
benefit the vegetation by increasing a plant’s ability to survive in a nutrient
poor and water deficient environment in undisturbed ecosystems, mycorrhizal relationships occur naturally. Mined sites,
however, are chemically, physically, and biologically altered and often lack
the necessary quantity of mycorrhizal fungi to
sustain a tolerant plant community [3]. Several types of Mycorrhizal inocula are currently in use and will be
examined according to their practicality and economy to site specificity [4].
Study and geology of area of Rajhara mines
Rajhara iron mines is situated of lat
20°35’ N a log 81°05’ E to south of Dalli-Rajhara Taluk, Durg. It is located about
83 KM South of Durg and comes under the south eastern
section of the Indian Railways (Fig1). The Rajhara
mine has been mined systematically for iron over four decades.
Rajhara mines occur in the semi-arid region in the southern
plains of Chhattisgarh. The region is characterized by annual rainfall of
1071.16 mm. The day temperature over most part of the year is around 25-40°C. Dalli Rajhara is the twin mine
part of the Rajhara group of mines. These are captive
iron ore mines for Bhilai steel plant (BSP) - a SAIL
enterprise. Iron ores mined from the area are of the hematite and magnetite
variety (Grade 66% Fe), and reserve 165 million tonnes.
Other mines in the neighborhood produce dolomite, lime and other raw materials
which go into steel production [5, 6].
MATERIALS
AND METHODS:
Soil sample collection:
soil samples were collected from the three region of iron ore mines unmined area, mined area and dumped area (topsoil before
mining). The sampling location sites were randomized after site facing. The
soil sample collected from ten different locations of all three areas. The core
method will be used to take samples from 30 cm depth of the selected site soil
samples. The all three different region of soils their physical parameter will
check like temperature, pH, total dissolve solid, and conductivity (table-1).
(Deluxe soil and water analysis kit model 172, company EI).
Isolation of VAM: isolation
of VAM from soil sample is done by Gerdemann and
Nicolson [7] and this is now the most widely used procedure for the
study of spores of Endogonaceous fungi in soil
(table-2). Identification of VAM: identification of different genera of VA Mycorrhiza is done based on their morphology characterstatics [8].
Table
1: Physical characterstatics of soil sample.
|
Parameters |
Unmined
zone |
Mined zone |
Dumped zone |
||||||
|
S-01 |
S-02 |
S-03 |
S-01 |
S-02 |
S-03 |
S-01 |
S-02 |
S-03 |
|
|
Temperature(oC) |
30.5 |
30.5 |
30.5 |
30.5 |
30.5 |
30.5 |
30.5 |
30.5 |
30.5 |
|
pH |
6.54 |
6.50 |
6.60 |
7.25 |
7.30 |
7.28 |
7.45 |
7.48 |
7.50 |
|
Conductivity (ms/cm) |
0.05 |
0.04 |
0.05 |
0.20 |
0.20 |
0.19 |
0.09 |
0.10 |
0.09 |
|
TDS(ppm) |
30 |
31 |
34 |
140 |
143 |
140 |
40 |
39 |
39 |
RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
In ten soils sample were collected from
three different soil site unmined zone, mined zone
and old dumped zone of Rajhara iron ore mines. Soil
physical parameter temperature, pH, total dissolve solid, and conductivity
tested from randamally three sample of each zone. The
result has been presented in table no. 01. The pH of dumped zone soil is high
then mined zone soil and unmined zone are less. Soil
testing helps us to known the nutritional status of the soil to assess the
profitability of applying a particular nutrient. If soil pH is very high there
is no use of adding fertilizer for revegetation. The conductivity (ms/cm) and total dissolve
solid (ppm) is more in soil collected from mined
zone, compare then soil collected from dumped zone and least the value of unmined zone soil. The excessive conductivity and total
dissolve solid can also lower the efficiency of applied fertilizer for revegetation as well as mycorrhiza
spore germination.
Figure: 3 (d) Glomus genera
of VAM, (e) and (f) Spore of Glomus.
Table
2: Soil sample in-between 1-30 cm depth.
|
Sample no. |
Name of genera of VAM |
Unmined
area no. of VAM spore |
Mined area no. of VAM spore |
Dumped area no. of VAM spore |
|
01 |
Gigaspora Glomus Sclerocystis |
115 25 00 |
10 00 00 |
16 00 00 |
|
02 |
Gigaspora Glomus Sclerocystis |
95 30 00 |
00 00 00 |
12 00 00 |
|
03 |
Gigaspora Glomus Sclerocystis |
225 32 05 |
00 00 00 |
00 00 00 |
|
04 |
Gigaspora Glomus Sclerocystis |
160 27 10 |
00 00 00 |
00 00 00 |
|
05 |
Gigaspora Glomus Sclerocystis |
210 13 08 |
00 00 00 |
00 00 00 |
|
06 |
Gigaspora Glomus Sclerocystis |
178 22 02 |
00 00 00 |
00 00 00 |
|
07 |
Gigaspora Glomus Sclerocystis |
300 24 20 |
00 00 00 |
00 00 00 |
|
08 |
Gigaspora Glomus Sclerocystis |
275 18 17 |
00 00 00 |
00 00 00 |
|
09 |
Gigaspora Glomus Sclerocystis |
119 12 06 |
00 00 00 |
00 00 00 |
|
10 |
Gigaspora Glomus Sclerocystis |
276 18 12 |
00 00 00 |
00 00 00 |
Mycorrhizal sporulation with
their genera has been presented in table no. 02. Spore population / 100 gm soil
was calculated. The spore population ranged from o to 03 spore/gm of soil.
Soils of unmined zone are harboured
highest sporulation 300 spores followed by 276, 275, 225,
210, 178, 160, 119, 115 and 95 of Gigospora genus of
VAM. The Glomus of unmined
zone are harboured highest sporulation
32 followed by 30, 27, 25, 24, 22, 18, 18, 13 and 12. The Sclerocystis
of unmined zone are harboured
highest sporulation 20 and followed by 17, 12, 10,
08, 06, 02 and also absent in two soil sample. Soils of mined area are only in
one sample Gigospora occurs and their spore is ten.
The Glomus and Sclerocystis
are absent in all ten soil sample of mined zone. In soil of dumped zone only
two soil samples occurs Gigospora and their highest sporulation sixteen and followed by twelve. The Glomus and Sclerocystis genera of
VAM are totally absent in all ten soil sample.
REFERENCES:
1. www.google.com;mycorrhizal
association; the web resoururce.
2. Danielson, R. 1985. Mycorrhizae and
reclamation of stressed terrestrial environments. Ch. In soil reclamation
processes. Ed. by Tate, R. III. and A. Klein. Marcel Dekker, Inc. pp. 173 –
201.
3. Norland, M. 1993. Soil factors affecting mycorrhizal
use in surface mine reclamation. Bureau of mines information circular. United
States Department of the Interior.
4. Sturges Susan 1997. The Use of Mycorrhizae in Mined Land Reclamation. Restoration and
reclamation review, student online journal vol. 2, no. 7, spring 1997.
5. www.google.com/ Rajhara mines wikipedia.
6. Department of mineral resources Government of Chhattisgarh.
7.
Gerdemann
J W and Nicolson T H. 1963. Spore of mycorrhizal endogone species extracted from the soil by wet sieving and
decanting. Transaction British Mycological Society 46:235-244.
8.
[Schenck N C and Perez Y (eds). 1990.Manual for identification of VA Mycorrhizal fungi. Grainesville,
USA: INVAM, University of Florida.
Received on 07.07.2011
Modified on 22.07.2011
Accepted on 04.08.2011
© A&V Publication all right reserved
Research J.
Science and Tech. 3(4): July-August. 2011: 208-211